However, Salicio-Platanetum orientale and Buxo sempervirens-Carpinetum betuli had the highest beta diversity since they harbored unique species composition. Among forest associations, the highest species diversity was found in Phillyreo latifoliae-Pinetum brutiae and the lowest diversity in Hedero-Castanetum sativae, which had a dense Rhododendron ponticum shrub layer.
Ecological conditions of communities were also tested using average Ellenberg indicator values (EIVs). Ordination analyses (DCA and CCA) and response curves were used to reveal ecological characteristics of vegetation using soil parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, sand, clay and dust content, soil moisture) and topographical variables (altitude, slope, potential direct incident radiation and heat load). This study aimed at analyzing the diversity and ecological characteristics of forest associations (121 relevés classified under eight associations) in Küre Mountains National Park.
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